Who are the biggest buyers of bonds?
Banks: A Major Buyer in Bond Markets
Broker-dealers are the main buyers and sellers in the secondary market for bonds, and retail investors typically purchase bonds through them, either directly as a client or indirectly through mutual funds and exchange-traded funds.
The current Treasury buyer base is diverse, with non-domestic buyers and the Fed serving as the largest owners of Treasury securities.
Issuers sell bonds or other debt instruments to raise money; most bond issuers are governments, banks, or corporate entities. Underwriters are investment banks and other firms that help issuers sell bonds. Bond purchasers are the corporations, governments, and individuals buying the debt that is being issued.
Individuals, organizations, fiduciaries, and corporate investors may buy Treasury securities through a bank, broker, or dealer.
The yen has rebounded a bit over the past two weeks, suggesting that markets expect yields in Japan to keep rising. For all the focus on China, Japan is actually the top holder of U.S. sovereign debt, with a total of $1.1 trillion.
Investors buy bonds because: They provide a predictable income stream. Typically, bonds pay interest on a regular schedule, such as every six months. If the bonds are held to maturity, bondholders get back the entire principal, so bonds are a way to preserve capital while investing.
Buffett, Musk, and Ackman all think that short-term U.S. Treasurys are attractive. These bonds offer safety and high yields.
Selling Treasurys is a fast way to whip up U.S. dollars, and China will sometimes use extra dollars to go out on the global market and buy up their own currency. That artificially pumps up its value. It's like planting someone at an auction to drive up your prices. That's one idea.
Most investors in 30-year bonds are institutions, and because they are institutional investors they have a very different set of investment criteria than most individual investors. Most individual bond investors are interested in steady fixed income. As such, they look to maximize their yield on a yearly basis.
Why are bonds losing money right now?
What causes bond prices to fall? Bond prices move in inverse fashion to interest rates, reflecting an important bond investing consideration known as interest rate risk. If bond yields decline, the value of bonds already on the market move higher. If bond yields rise, existing bonds lose value.
- Historically, bonds have provided lower long-term returns than stocks.
- Bond prices fall when interest rates go up. Long-term bonds, especially, suffer from price fluctuations as interest rates rise and fall.
After the Treasury sells a security at an auction (the auction amount is called an offering), the security can be bought and sold in what's referred to as the “secondary market.” The Federal Reserve buys and sells Government securities.
Face Value | Purchase Amount | 20-Year Value (Purchased May 2000) |
---|---|---|
$50 Bond | $100 | $109.52 |
$100 Bond | $200 | $219.04 |
$500 Bond | $400 | $547.60 |
$1,000 Bond | $800 | $1,095.20 |
This series, as official as any series can be, shows that China directly bought about $6 billion of U.S. bonds over the last 18 months (almost certainly mostly Agencies) even without adjusting for “Belgium/Euroclear” Treasury account.
Relative to higher-risk securities, like stocks, Treasury bonds have lower returns. Yet even during periods of low yields, U.S. Treasury bonds remain sought-after because of their perceived stability and liquidity, or ease of conversion into cash. NerdWallet's ratings are determined by our editorial team.
1) Switzerland
Switzerland is a country that, in practically all economic and social metrics, is an example to follow. With a population of almost 9 million people, Switzerland has no natural resources of its own, no access to the sea, and virtually no public debt.
Beijing, vigilant in the protection of its overseas assets, has slashed its holdings of US Treasury bills by 25 per cent since early 2021 to the tune of US$280 billion. Its position hit a 14-year low of US$769.6 billion in October 2023, a decline commonly attributed to a conscious effort to diversify its holdings.
Among other countries, Japan and China have continued to be the top owners of US debt during the last two decades. Since the dollar is a strong currency that is accepted globally, holding a substantial amount of US debt can be beneficial.
To execute quantitative easing, central banks buy government bonds and other securities, injecting bank reserves into the economy. Increasing the supply of money lowers interest rates further and provides liquidity to the banking system, allowing banks to lend with easier terms.
Are bonds a good investment now?
Short-term bond yields are high currently, but with the Federal Reserve poised to cut interest rates investors may want to consider longer-term bonds or bond funds. High-quality bond investments remain attractive.
Investors trade bonds for a number of reasons, with the key two being—profit and protection. Investors can profit by trading bonds to pick up yield (trading up to a higher-yielding bond) or benefit from a credit upgrade (bond price increases following an upgrade).
It seems that Buffett has softened his stance. Berkshire Hathaway's portfolio includes a significant amount of short-term bonds, despite its leader's infamous public position. Speaking to CNBC's Becky Quick on Aug. 3, 2023, Buffett admitted: “Berkshire bought $10 billion in U.S. Treasurys last Monday.
On a personal level, Buffett isn't a fan of bonds either. He has about 99% of his wealth in one stock—Berkshire Hathaway. That equity stake is now worth about $130 billion.
Going short the bond market means that an investor or trader suspects that bond prices will fall, and wishes to take advantage of that bearish sentiment—for instance, if interest rates are expected to rise.
References
- https://www.nerdwallet.com/article/investing/bond-market-crash
- https://www.barrons.com/articles/warren-buffett-berkshire-hathaway-bonds-stocks-3f3058b6
- https://www.investopedia.com/articles/bonds/11/5-reasons-to-trade-bonds.asp
- https://money.usnews.com/investing/articles/best-bond-etfs-to-buy-now
- https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/040115/reasons-why-china-buys-us-treasury-bonds.asp
- https://www.invesco.com/apac/en/institutional/insights/fixed-income/fixed-income-outlook-update.html
- https://www.quora.com/Why-is-East-Asia-more-developed-than-South-and-Southeast-Asia
- https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/13/business/bonds-interest-rates.html
- https://www.ifc.org/content/dam/ifc/doclink/2022/the-green-bond-principles-202206.pdf
- https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-fmcc-boundless-worldhistory/chapter/east-asia-in-the-21st-century/
- https://www.thetimes.co.uk/money-mentor/banking-saving/savings-accounts/green-savings-bond
- https://www.investopedia.com/terms/q/quantitative-easing.asp
- https://www.quora.com/Did-BRICSs-New-Development-Bank-make-many-successful-projects-for-its-members-since-its-creation-What-are-its-accomplishments
- https://time.com/personal-finance/article/savings-bonds-guide/
- https://betterbuildingssolutioncenter.energy.gov/financing-navigator/option/green-bonds
- https://www.lpl.com/newsroom/read/weekly-market-commentary-who-is-buying-treasury-securities-and-why-it-matters.html
- https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/esg/green-bond/
- https://www.fool.com/investing/2023/08/12/heres-1-investment-billionaires-warren-buffett-elo/
- https://www.nerdwallet.com/article/investing/green-bonds
- https://www.ndb.int/about-ndb/history/
- https://investor.vanguard.com/investor-resources-education/understanding-investment-types/what-is-a-bond
- https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/stock-market-today-dow-jones-03-07-2024/card/egypt-s-bonds-are-soaring-in-2024-mLJBFNBLtoWiqhuYgCsz
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1544612322005335
- https://www.investopedia.com/terms/w/william-h-gross.asp
- https://www.lewis-knopf.com/financial-rx/volume-10-issue-1/type-bond-safest/
- https://finance.yahoo.com/news/top-20-countries-owe-us-175515001.html
- https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/731026/adb-green-blue-bond-framework.pdf
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1057521921003136
- https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/issues1/
- https://www.quora.com/Is-the-Forex-market-larger-than-the-bond-market-in-terms-of-market-cap
- https://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/asian-development-bank.asp
- https://www.cmcmarkets.com/en/trading-guides/bonds-vs-stocks
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221484502200059X
- https://www.fidelity.lu/investment-themes/investing-in-asia
- https://www.adb.org/who-we-are/organization
- https://www.investopedia.com/articles/bonds/the-risks-of-sovereign-bonds.asp
- https://cbonds.com/glossary/gender-bond/
- https://www.sifma.org/resources/research/us-fixed-income-securities-statistics/
- https://www.adb.org/publications/niue-fact-sheet
- https://www.investopedia.com/articles/markets-economy/090616/5-countries-own-most-us-debt.asp
- https://americanfundsretirement.retire.americanfunds.com/planning/what-is-asset-allocation/stocks-and-bonds.html
- https://www.shrm.org/topics-tools/news/inclusion-equity-diversity/viewpoint-the-double-bind-for-women-being-a-razor-blade-and-a-cupcake
- https://www.visualcapitalist.com/which-countries-hold-the-most-us-debt/
- https://www.treasurydirect.gov/marketable-securities/treasury-bonds/
- http://www.gogreenbonds.org/faqs/
- https://www.santander.com/en/stories/blue-bonds
- https://www.morningstar.com/economy/handicapping-prospects-recession
- https://www.vedantu.com/question-answer/which-is-the-weakest-among-the-following-types-class-11-chemistry-cbse-605b69a1e62203171f7d0e43
- https://www.marketplace.org/2023/05/26/who-does-the-u-s-owe-31-4-trillion/
- https://www.adb.org/multimedia/journey-development-money/
- https://www.investor.gov/introduction-investing/investing-basics/investment-products/bonds-or-fixed-income-products/bonds
- https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2023/11/what-are-green-bonds-climate-change/
- https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and-answers/bond-market-less-transparent-stock-market-many-bond-transactions-negotiated-privately-pres-q153892703
- https://gnhre.org/?p=16912
- https://cbonds.com/glossary/blue-bond/
- https://www.pimco.com.sg/en-sg/ahy
- https://www.statista.com/statistics/1211855/ten-year-government-bond-yield-country/
- https://www.treasurydirect.gov/marketable-securities/buying-a-marketable-security/
- https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/051915/how-short-us-bond-market.asp
- https://www.treasurydirect.gov/kids/work/work_wallst.htm
- https://www.nomuragreentech.com/insights/blue-bonds-a-blueprint-for-ocean-conservation
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_market
- https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/institutional-document/435391/strategy-2030-main-document.pdf
- https://www.quora.com/Why-would-someone-buy-a-30-year-treasury-bond
- https://www.fool.com/investing/how-to-invest/bonds/best-bonds/
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDB_Bank
- https://www.statista.com/statistics/246420/major-foreign-holders-of-us-treasury-debt/
- https://testbook.com/ias-preparation/new-development-bank
- https://www.quora.com/If-China-sells-all-US-treasury-bonds-what-will-happen-to-the-US-economy
- https://www.investopedia.com/articles/basics/08/stocks-bonds-performance.asp
- https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/156155/adbi-wp300.pdf
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1544612323009595
- https://www.statista.com/statistics/1268337/sustainable-bond-issuance-worldwide-category-country/
- https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2023/04/ranked-the-largest-bond-markets-in-the-world/
- https://www.schwab.com/learn/story/why-to-consider-longer-term-bonds-now
- https://www.portlandoregon.gov/article/730061
- https://iftp.chinamoney.com.cn/english/svcnrl/20231110/2750976.html
- https://asianbondsonline.adb.org/china/market_summary/cn_market_summary_202211.pdf
- https://www.fool.com/investing/how-to-invest/bonds/bond-market/
- https://markets.ft.com/data/equities/tearsheet/profile?s=NDB.N0000:CSE
- https://www.wintwealth.com/blog/what-are-the-risks-of-bonds/
- https://www.cnn.com/cnn-underscored/money/best-high-yield-bond-funds
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_bonding
- https://idbinvest.org/en/blog/gender/few-very-good-reasons-protect-integrity-gender-bonds
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1572308921000334
- https://www.cfr.org/blog/china-isnt-shifting-away-dollar-or-dollar-bonds
- https://www.adb.org/news/infographics/adb-investments-gender-bonds
- https://www.icmagroup.org/market-practice-and-regulatory-policy/secondary-markets/bond-market-size/
- https://www.fsdafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Scoping-study-Gender-bonds-summary-22.07.20.pdf
- https://www.treasurydirect.gov/savings-bonds/
- https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2024/03/japan-ends-negative-interest-rates-economy-monetary-policy/
- https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/06/keyplayersbondmarket.asp
- https://www.wsj.com/finance/the-worlds-largest-buyer-of-u-s-debt-isnt-going-away-3b70afd3
- https://www.usbank.com/investing/financial-perspectives/market-news/interest-rates-affect-bonds.html
- https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/dirtyprice.asp
- https://www.nerdwallet.com/article/investing/treasury-bond
- https://europe.pimco.com/en-eu/resources/education/everything-you-need-to-know-about-bonds
- https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3259463/china-unloads-more-us-treasury-bills-odds-fed-rate-cuts-grow-slim
- https://usafacts.org/articles/which-countries-own-the-most-us-debt/
- https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/does-warren-buffett-invest-in-bonds
- https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/100814/why-10-year-us-treasury-rates-matter.asp
- https://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/green-bond.asp
- https://www.rabobank.com/knowledge/d011423183-blue-finance-closing-the-water-financing-gap
- https://www.marketplace.org/2023/11/07/why-is-china-selling-off-its-us-debt-treasurys/
- https://tapinvest.in/blog/indian-bond-market
- https://www.iberdrola.com/sustainability/investments-green-bonds
- https://www.man.com/maninstitute/blue-bonds-sustainable-debt
- https://www.adb.org/who-we-are/about
- https://www.clearfinances.net/countries-without-public-debt/
- https://www.treasurydirect.gov/kids/basics/basics_sb.htm